5.13b Hosting recombinant DNA

describe how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which take up pieces of DNA insert this recombinant DNA into other cells.


-recombinant DNA- mixture between 2 genes.
-transfer structure into host cell.
-remove the nuclei acid, only want protein shell.
-the plasmid are taken up by virus (recombinant DNA) to form the structure (act as a vector of the recombinant DNA)
-help transfer DNA into host cell.
-this virus is known as phage and it infects bacteria cells.
-virus attach to cell membrane of bacteria and inset the recombinant DNA into host cell.
-end of process we have bacteria cell- contains recombinant DNA and human gene for insulin
-this organism has its own DNA and the DNA from another organism known as transgenic.

5.13a Recombinant DNA

describe how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors which take up pieces of DNA then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells.


-1) plasmid- found in bacteria cells they are a ring of DNA, very small and dont carry many genes.
-2) virus- protein shell called a capsid, inside will be a nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA) the virus has no other components eg. nucleus or cytoplasm.
-3- human chromosome- length of DNA. identify gene- codes for protein insulin- hormone controlling blood sugar levels.
restriction enzyme is selected that can cut DNA.
take plasmid ring and cut it with the same restriction enzyme leaves a gap in plasmid (broken ring structure)
introduce human insulin gene to plasmid.
apply second enzyme DNA ligase which will join the DNA together.
human gene and plasmid DNA is called recombinant DNA

5.9 fish farming

explain the methods which are used to farm large numbers of fish to provide a source of protein, including maintenance of water quality, control of intraspecific and interspecific predation, control of disease, removal of waste product, quality of frequency of feeding and the use of selective breeding. 


fish is an attractive product for farmers:
-fish has low fat and high protein
-fish is efficient in turning nutrients into fish mass.

PROS-
-fish farming will allow us to control the quality of water (clean)
-control predators.
-reduce pests and diseases.
-all of these contribute in an increase in yield of fish.

CONS-
-if high density- transmission of diseases. so some farmers use antibiotics- bad for human health.
-abundance of fish makes pests common and therefore some farmers will use pesticides- also a concern for humans.

5.8 Fermenter

interpret and label a diagram of an industrial fermenter and explain the need to provide suitable conditions in the fermenter, including aseptic precautions, nutrients, optimum temperature and PH, oxygenation and agitation for growth of microorganisms.


-built with some kind of metal (copper, steel)
-steam cleans the fermenter between fermentations.
-heater and water jacket controls the optimum conditions for fermentation.

5.7 Yoghurt

understand the role of bacteria (Lactobacillus) in the production of yoghurt


-start with the milk from the cow.
-milk needs to be treated to remove pathogens such as TB bacillus (process called pasteurisation) heat treatment.
-milk sugar is converted into lactic acid. (incubating the milk at 45-46 degrees c) and add the lactobacillus.
-lactobacillus produce the enzymes which are going to break the milk sugar lactose and this will produce lactic acid.
-the acid will result in a low PH. acidic conditions causes the milk protein to solidify. solidification of milk product is yoghurt.

5.5 beer production

understand the role of yeast in the production of beer.


-beer is largely ethanol (an alcohol molecule) and this is produced form glucose and it is broken down into CO2 and ethanol (anaerobic respiration) sometimes called fermentation respiration.
-the microorganism that does this is yeast. yeast is able to supply the enzyme to bring about the conversion. that is where the alcohol in beer comes from.
-the ethanol is flavoured by the plants such as hops to change the flavour.
-the glucose comes from starch. starch ---amylase---> maltose --maltase--> glucose
-starch comes from (sources) barley seeds, wheat seeds, rice (beers in asia)
-starch is broken into amylase by the process of malting. (germination of seeds)

5.4b Biological control

understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages and disadvantages of using biological control with crop plants.


an example of controlling a pest (plant) by a herbivore (moth) called biological control - not using pesticides.

-in australia the prickly pair cactus of north america was introduced into gardens. the cactus started to cover agricultural land so it was necessary to get rid of it. there was no natural predator of the cactus so an alien species of another country had to be introduced. moth -> feeds on the cactus. (cactoblastis) =
-moth was introduced and there was no competitors so it was able to eat away the cactus and remove it away from agricultural land.

PROS-
-no toxic chemicals involved
-less impact on humans and wildlife.

CONS-
-not 100 percent effective.
-difficult to control. -always a danger. the species might find alternative prey to feed and will not die out. (eg. famous- cane toad in australia)
-difficult to match a predator to the prey. (cannot find suitable predator to remove pest)